Q: Academy of Management Permissions and Copyright Guidelines INTRODUCTION
The Academy of Management (AOM) is a leading professional association for scholars dedicated to creating and disseminating knowledge about management and organizations. Members are scholars at colleges, universities, and research institutions, as well as practitioners with scholarly interests from business, government, and not-for-profit organizations.
The Academy of Management holds the copyright to its sixjournals and the annual meeting proceedings, each of which broadly contributes to this objective while emphasizing a particular scholarly aspect of it. The Academy of Management grants permission to use its copyrighted articles for a variety of purposes. In general we recommend following the guideline, "When in doubt, obtain permission."
The principles and guidelines of this permission document were derived from the Academy of Management's current permissions strategy and are consistent with the policies and procedures of other professional associations whose scientific principles are similar to ours. The mission of the Academy of Management is to disseminate the knowledge produced by its scholars. The Academy's goal is consistent with that of the APA, and "believes it is essential for publishers of scholarly and other proprietary material to develop an efficient and consistent system, based on mutual trust, for granting permissions for both electronic and print publication of proprietary works"
These guidelines (FAQ) contain answers to questions that to date have been frequently asked and will continue to evolve as we address new questions in the field of publishing.
Q: Academy of Management Permissions and Copyright SUMMARY
The Academy of Management (AOM) now offers the RightsLink service to conveniently meet most of your licensing needs for material published by the AOM. Simply visit http://journals.aom.org, search and select the desired journal content, and click the Permissions Tab.
You can also visit the Copyright Clearance Center:
Copyright Clearance Center
222 Rosewood Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
Phone: (978) 750-8400
Fax: (978) 750-4470
http://www.copyright.com
Additional requests can be sent directly to info@copyright.com or to
permissions@aom.org
Permission is required for the following:
• Republication of one article element (table, figure, graph, scale, or instrument)
• Republication or reuse of any AOM content in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
• Republication of full articles or book chapters to another work
• Article translations
• Reproduction of articles for coursepacks, electronic coursepacks, distance-learning courses, electronic reserves
• Consecutive text extracts of more than 400 words in an article or book chapter
• Multiple text extracts that total more than 800 words per article or book chapter
• Reuse of content from the AOM website
• Content essential to the integrity of the previously published article or book chapter when reuse could compromise the sale of the original AOM publication, including but not limited to text, figures and tables.
Permission is NOT required for the following:
• One time classroom usage [refer to FAQ question] for full-time matriculated students enrolled at an academic institution in a credit bearing program, including usage of AOM content in a dissertation as long as the dissertation is not sold for commercial distribution and/or monetary gain. Appropriate citation must be clearly given to the original work.
• "Fair Use", [refer to FAQ question] broadly defined as use of small amounts of text (i.e. consecutive text of less than 400 words, or 800 words from a single article) for the purposes of criticism or comment of the article in question, provided that the new work (article or chapter) does not become a substitute for, or make the purchase unnecessary of the original copyrighted work. Citation to the original source must be provided.
• Republication of article abstracts. Appropriate citation to the original content must be clearly provided.
• Authors of the original content in AOM publications do not need permission to: (1) Make and distribute copies, of all or part of the manuscript, for the Author(s), own use in teaching, research or for internal distribution within the institution/company that employs the Author(s), provided that such copies are not resold. (2) • The right to use, after publication in the journal, all or part of the material from the manuscript in a book or collection of works in which you are the Author(s) or Editor(s). (3) The right, after publication of the journal, to post your manuscript to your individual website or personal university website.
• Reproduction of AOM materials for use by blind or other people with disabilities. It is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity to reproduce or to distribute copies of a previously published work if such copies are reproduced or distributed in specialized formats exclusively for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.
The Academy of Management does not grant permission for the following:
• Posting of full text AOM articles or book chapters to a commercial database.
• Posting of full text AOM articles or book chapters to university or commercial electronic archives.
• Republication or posting of AOM articles or book chapters to university compilations of material that showcase works created by university authors.
• Unlimited distribution of Academy articles and book chapters via email or facsimile.
• Posting of AOM articles or book chapters to a listserv.
• Translation of more than three articles from a single issue of an AOM publication.
• For any of the following language in a permission request:
--- "all media"
--- "now known or hereafter devised"
--- "without limitation"
The Academy of Management may grant permission on a case-by-case basis for the following.
In all cases below, explicit written permission must be obtained from the designated Academy of Management publisher representative. Please contact permissions@aom.org for details.
• Posting of AOM articles or book chapters to the internet or intranet via a password protected website.
• Limited distribution of Academy articles or book chapters via email.
• Translation of AOM articles or book chapters on a continuous basis.
Q: Academy of Management Permissions and Copyright SUMMARY OF AOM SUBMISSIONS GUIDELINES:
• Authors are encouraged to adhere to the format specified in the AOM style guide for each publication, accessible via the individual journal's websites.
• All submissions to AOM should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.
• Use 10-12 pt. Times New Roman font or a similar font.
• Follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Please refer to the style guide for details.
• If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information. You should also submit proof of written permission along with your work. For example, From "Title of the article," by W. Jones and R. Smith, 2007, Journal Title, 21, p. 122. Copyright 2007 by Copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.
• Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Q: Academy of Management permissions: How can I obtain permission to republish material that was printed in an Academy of Management publication.
The Academy of Management (AOM) now offers the RightsLink service to conveniently meet most of your licensing needs for material published by the AOM. Simply visit http://journals.aom.org, search and select the desired journal content, and click the Permissions Tab.
You can also obtain pemission online from the Copyright Clearance Center:
Copyright Clearance Center
222 Rosewood Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
Phone: (978) 750-8400
Fax: (978) 750-4470
http://www.copyright.com
Additional requests can be sent directly to info@copyright.com or to publications@aom.pace.edu
Q: AOM AUTHORS (a) Why and when is it necessary to seek permission?
• Simply acknowledging the source of content is not a substitute for copyright permission.
• All materials published by the Academy of Management are protected by copyright law, as stated in the United States Copyright Act. It is an infringement of copyright law to reproduce/reuse/republish a copyrighted work without the prior consent of the copyright holder. Additional details about copyright law can be obtained via Copyright.gov
• Authors are responsible for obtaining express written permission from the Academy of Management prior to reproducing, reusing, or republishing any AOM copyrighted material.
• Authors are also responsible for ensuring that the material they publish is original and that they have obtained all necessary permissions prior to having their material republished by the Academy of Management. If using excerpts from copyrighted works, the author must obtain irrevocable written permission for publication in both print and electronic formats from the original copyright owners, and appropriately credit their sources.
• In general, when using the work of others authors must first determine if copyright permission is required. If the work is protected by copyright law, is not in the public domain and does not meet the criteria for fair use or another specific exception listed in this document or in the United States copyright law, then permission to reproduce the work must be obtained from the original owner of the copyright. If the work is owned by the Academy of Management, author(s) must obtain permission from the Academy of Management or its agent, the Copyright Clearance Center to reproduce or reuse the work.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (b) How do I reference a source or cite previously published material in my article?
• Authors are encouraged to adhere to the format specified in the AOM style guide for each publication, accessible via the individual Academy journal's website.
• References to articles, books, and other source works should be cited within the text of your article. The reference section at the end of your manuscript should list every reference cited in the manuscript.
• Do not list a reference that is not cited in the text.
• Follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Please refer to the publication's style guide for details.
• If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information. You should also submit proof of written permission along with your work. For example, From "Title of the article," by W. Jones and R. Smith, 2007, Journal Title, 21, p. 122. Copyright 2007 by Copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.
• Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (c) How do I attribute credit for material republished from journal articles?
• The Academy of Management requires that full credit be given to the author(s) of the material(s) reused.
• Authors using articles from previously published AOM journals need to obtain permission from the
Copyright Clearance Center, including articles that will be published in a forthcoming Academy journal.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (d) How do I attribute credit for images, figures or tables from another source?
• The Academy of Management requires that full credit be given to the author(s) of all material(s) reused. You will need to secure permission to use any material copyrighted to another source directly from the source cited.
• Before requesting permission for a table, figure or other illustration, please check with the specific journal to be sure the image you wish to reproduce is not credited to another source. The citation may be listed under the figure or in a credit section of the publication. The Academy of Management can only authorize permissions for material for which it holds or manages copyright. You will need to secure permission to use any material copyrighted to another source directly from the source cited.
• Instruments, diagrams and tables reproduced from already published work require permission from the original publisher (or copyright holder). It should be stated in the relevant legend that permission for reproduction has been granted, giving the reference and name of the copyright holder who has given the permission.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (e) I had an article accepted to the Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings. Is this article considered pre-published material?
• As a matter of business practice, the Academy of Management does not consider papers published in the AOM Proceedings to be pre-published. We trust that the full length manuscript will vary a great deal from the condensed Proceedings version and we will, therefore, agree to review manuscripts of this kind.
• The Academy of Management does not consider papers published in the Proceedings of other associations to be pre-published provided that: (a) what has appeared in print is a shortened version of the paper and not a full-length manuscript and (b) the author is able to convey rights to the paper to the Academy of Management and is not precluded from doing so by a previous agreement.
• If an author has a paper in the review process of an AOM journal that will also appear in the Best Paper Proceedings, the author should add a note in the acknowledgments stating that a previous (and abbreviated) version of this paper appeared in the (year) Best Paper Proceedings.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (f) Do I need permission if the material I am using has been modified or adapted?
• Permission is required if the usage you are seeking does not fall into the parameters defined under fair use.
• If you need to modify the item for your research, do not represent it as the original item, scale or instrument. When an item is modified, the meaning and validity of the item changes. Be clear that the item is based on the original instrument but the results cannot represent results as if the original instrument were administered. In other words, never change items and/or scales and refer to it as the same item/scale.
• Minor adaptations to text/figures/tables are authorized on the condition that such adaptations are true to the meaning and purpose of the original text/figures/tables, and subject further to the applicable terms and conditions of the republication licensing agreement of the original owner of the copyright.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (g) Do I need permission if I am only using an excerpt or limited portion of the original article?
As a general rule, if you discuss, criticize or analyze the excerpt, a good rule of thumb is to obtain permission if the discussion is longer than 400 words per excerpt or 800 cumulative words per article.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (h) How would I know who owns the copyright on materials that were adapted from another source?
• For most print and online publications, the publisher is usually a copyright holder capable of providing permission. If you cannot identify the copyright holder, you may need to request a search from the United States copyright office.
• It is important to note that a lack of response from the copyright holder does not, under United States law, convey permission.
• In addition, some works may contain materials-text, images and graphics-from multiple copyright holders and may require a separate authorization from each one.
• Simply acknowledging the source of content is not a substitute for copyright permission.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (j) What is a Derivative Work?
• A derivative work is one that is based upon or rewritten from a prior work. A derivative work is primarily a new work that is based upon the previously published material. Derivative works can include translations (of the rewritten work) and/or condensations.
• The Academy of Management requires formal permission for new works created by adapting, transforming or combining previously existing material in new ways.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (k) Can I post my manuscript on the internet?
In general, the Academy of Management does
not grant permission to republish AOM articles on the Internet. However:
• After publication of the journal, authors may post their manuscript to their individual website or personal university website.
• Authors may use the publisher-supplied PDF version in teaching and for coursepacks within their own institution as long as they are distributed free of charge and not sold to students, in which case we require that permission be obtained.
• Authors may also use the publisher-supplied PDF for posting in e-reserves within the author's institution.
• Author(s) agree that any and all copies of the manuscript, or any part published will include a notice of copyright in the Academy of Management's name, and an appropriate citation to the journal.
•
The Academy of Management does not allow authors to post their final materials to a central open access database. Authors of material funded by the United States Government, including but not limited to the NIH, should refer to question (m) below. All AOM materials are accessible through commercially available databases and archive repositories. All AOM members have access to all materials published by the Academy of Management via the
Publications Portal.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (m) I am an employee of the United States federal government. Are there any copyright restrictions that apply to my material?
• A work of the United States Government is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties.
• In most cases the United States federal government has determined that it has a nonexclusive right to publish or republish material developed from work performed by federal employees.
• The Academy of Management will accept papers from government employees. Such authors must sign a modified copyright transfer agreement stating that the author(s) abide by the same provisions required of other AOM authors. The modified copyright transfer agreement would state, "This is to certify that the Work was written by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of his/her official duties, and therefore it is not subject to United States copyright." This statement must be also co-signed by an authorized Government agency representative.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (p) Can I provide a link from my individual or university website to an article I am citing in my piece?
In general, it is perfectly acceptable to link to a website to access site content without the permission of the website owner. The link MUST take the user completely out of the AOM (or individual) website to the content owner's website (i.e., AOM should not "frame" the website in its own pop up window to make it seem as if AOM is the author), this is a completely legal use of a link. The rationale behind this view is that if one is taken to the actual content owner's website, there is absolutely no mistake as to the identity of the content owner (it is not as if AOM would be trying to pass itself off as the author or publisher).
Q: AOM AUTHORS (q) My article has been accepted for publication. Can my university issue a press release promoting my forthcoming AOM material?
• We encourage publicity at the post-acceptance stage. Universities can promote their faculty's research. Please notify the Academy office of these efforts.
• The Academy does not allow for the posting of the full text accepted article to non-AOM sites prior to publication. Please do not link to the article prior to its publication date.
• The press release should clearly say "forthcoming in Academy of Management (name of publication)".
Q: AOM AUTHORS (r) Does a podcast count as a publication or pre-publication?
• In other words, if my AOM presentation is made into a podcast that's available on the AOM website (free for members; non-members must pay a nominal fee), can that same research be submitted to an Academy journal for publication consideration?
• Similar to a Proceedings/Best Paper submission, the AOM considers the podcast as drastically different in both content and length from the full text article. Therefore, unless you (the author) are reading the full text piece verbatim, AOM would not consider a podcast as pre-publication of the article.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (n) I am not an employee of the government but I am the author of a manuscript that was funded and/or underwritten by the United States federal government. Can I still publish my article in an Academy of Management publication?
• Whether or not an author has the authority to assign an article to the Academy of Management depends upon his or her agreement with the federal government, and, in particular, the grant agreement. If the grant agreement is silent as to ownership or assignment of copyright, then the author probably has the full authority to transfer ownership to AOM.
• If you, the author, did not sign a copyright transfer agreement with the agency that funded your research then technically you, the author, hold the copyright to the article.
• If the grant agreement provides that either: (1) the United States government permission is needed to publish or assign; or (2) the work is to be assigned to the United States government, then the author cannot assign copyright to the AOM. Technically, the United States government CAN own a copyright IF it (the copyright) is assigned to them. To best answer this question, the AOM may need to review the individual grant agreement.
• If the author wants the article published, he/she should clarify ownership and publication rights with the United States government and/or the funding agency.
• If the author does not own the article, he/she does not have the authority to grant others (publishers such as the AOM) the right to publish his or her material (absent an agreement with the copyright owner). The AOM may still be able to publish this material but the author will need to sign the modified copyright agreement. This agreement can be obtained from the AOM Managing Editor.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (o) My Academy article contains references to a piece that appears on a United States Government website. Can I provide a link from my individual university website to the United States Government article?
• Yes. All articles funded by the United States Government are available free of charge and considered in the public domain. Permission is not required for this type of usage.
• We advise all authors to first check with the appropriate party at the United States federal government before linking to a government sponsored website.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (a) How do I obtain permission to republish Academy of Management materials?
The Academy of Management (AOM) now offers the RightsLink service to conveniently meet most of your licensing needs for material published by the AOM. Simply visit http://journals.aom.org, search and select the desired journal content, and click the Permissions Tab.
Permission can also be obtained online from the Copyright Clearance Center:
Copyright Clearance Center
222 Rosewood Drive
Danvers, MA 01923
Phone: (978) 750-8400
Fax: (978) 750-4470
http://www.copyright.com
Additional requests can be sent directly to info@copyright.com or to publications@aom.pace.edu
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (b) How do I obtain permission to republish materials that are featured in the Academy of Management Annals?
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (c) Why and when is it necessary to seek permission?
• Simply acknowledging the source of content is not a substitute for copyright permission.
• All materials published by the Academy of Management are protected by copyright law.
--- i. Intellectual works are protected by the U.S. Copyright Act. It is an infringement of copyright law to reproduce/reuse/republish a copyrighted work without the prior consent of the copyright holder.
--- ii. Additional details about copyright law can be accessed via
www.copyright.gov• Authors are responsible for obtaining permission from the Academy of Management prior to reproducing, reusing, or republishing any AOM copyrighted material.
• Authors are also responsible for ensuring that the material they are using is original and that they have obtained all necessary permissions prior to having their material republished by the Academy of Management. If excerpts from non-AOM copyrighted works are included, the Author must obtain written permission for publication in print and electronic format from the original copyright owners and credit the appropriate sources.
• In general, when using the work of others you must first determine if copyright permission is required. If the work is protected by copyright law, is not in the public domain and does not meet the criteria for fair use [refer to FAQ on FAIR USE] or another specific exception listed in this document or in the copyright law, you must obtain permission from the Academy of Management or its agent, the Copyright Clearance Center (
www.copyright.com), in order to reproduce or reuse the work.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (d) Are there any copyright exceptions which may apply?
Permission is NOT required for the following:
• One time classroom usage, including usage of AOM content in a dissertation as long as the dissertation is not sold for commercial distribution and/or for monetary gain. Appropriate citation to the original content must be clearly provided.
• "Fair Use" broadly defined as the small amounts of text (i.e. consecutive text of less than 400 words, or 800 words from a single article) for the purposes of criticism or comment of the article in question, provided that the new work (article or chapter) does not become a substitute for, or make the purchase unnecessary of the original copyrighted work.
• Republication of materials published in the Academy of Management Proceedings. Appropriate citation to the original content must be clearly provided.
• Republication of article abstracts. Appropriate citation to the original content must be clearly provided.
• Authors of the original content in AOM publications do not need permission to:
--- i. The right to make and distribute copies, of all or part of the manuscript, for the Author(s), own use in teaching, research or for internal distribution within the institution/company that employs the Author(s), provided that such copies are not resold.
--- ii. The right to use, after publication in the journal, all or part of the material from the manuscript in a book or collection of works in which you are the Author(s) or Editor(s).
--- iii. The right, after publication of the journal, to post your manuscript to your individual website or personal university website.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (e) What is considered one-time classroom use?
• One time classroom use does not refer to or include academic coursepacks. To use copyrighted material in academic coursepacks, permission must be obtained from the Copyright Clearance Center via
www.copyright.com.
• For Libraries: The library must have no reason to believe that the reproduction will be used for purposes other than private study, scholarship and research.
• Classroom Handouts
In general, classroom handouts fall into two categories - spontaneous and planned:
--- i. Spontaneous. These handouts are produced spur-of-the-moment for one-time use. For example, an instructor who photocopies an article from the morning paper for use in that day's class discussion. This type of handout is likely to be covered under fair use and would not require copyright permission for two reasons: 1) the unplanned nature of the use and 2) the work is so new that the instructor could not reasonably be expected to obtain permission in a timely manner.
--- ii. Planned. This category includes handouts that are either used repeatedly or involve works that have existed long enough for one to obtain copyright permission in advance. For example, if the instructor in the above example were to copy and reuse the same article in future semesters-or if he or she were to copy an article from a back issue-fair use would probably not apply.
• Copying the Original Work
--- i. Single Copying for Teachers:
A single copy of the following items may be made for a teacher's scholarly research or use in teaching or preparation to teach a class:
----- • A chapter from a book
----- • An article from a periodical
----- • A chart, graph, diagram, table, figure, drawing, cartoon or picture from a book or periodical.
--- ii. Multiple Copies for Classroom Use:
Multiple copies (not to exceed more than one copy per pupil in a course) may be made by or for a teacher giving a course for classroom use or discussion, provided that:
----- • The copying is brief (one article from a journal) and spontaneous;
----- • The copying of the material is for only one course in the school in which the copies are made.
----- • Each copy includes a notice of copyright.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (f) What is fair use?
• To avoid a potential challenge from the copyright holder, we recommend following the policy,
"When in doubt, obtain permission."• By definition, fair use is a concept in copyright law allowing, without permission from copyright holder, short quotations from a copyrighted product for purposes of reviewing or teaching. However, not all uses in an academic context are automatically considered fair use.
• Although there are no set page counts or percentages that define the boundaries of fair use, a general rule of thumb used by some publishers is that
consecutive text of less than 400 words, or 800 words from a single article would generally be considered fair use, provided that the purpose of such use is for criticism or comment of the article in question, and provided that the new work (article or chapter) does not become a substitute for, or make the purchase unnecessary of, the original copyrighted work.
• For students, a single photocopy of part of a copyrighted work, such as a copy of an article from a scientific journal made for research, would likely be considered fair use. Yet there are limits, even for students. For example, photocopying all the assignments from a book recommended for purchase by the instructor, making multiple copies of articles or book chapters for distribution to classmates, or copying material from workbooks, would most likely not be considered fair use under a reasonable application of the fair use factors.
• Fair use in academia might include
--- i. Making one copy of a journal article
--- ii. Copying selected pages within a book
--- iii. Downloading and printing one copy of an electronic article
• Not fair use (requires permission from copyright holder):
--- i. Copying large portions of books
--- ii. Making multiple photocopies
--- iii. Making numerous copies of electronic files.
• Section 107 of the Copyright Act, entitled, "Limitations on Exclusive Rights: Fair Use," is the statutory codification of the fair use doctrine. For details review the
Copyright Act or consult an attorney.
•
Examples of Fair Use include:
--- • Quotation of excerpts in a review or criticism for purposes of illustration or comment.
--- • Quotation of short passages in a scholarly or technical work for illustration or clarification of the author's observations.
--- • Limited reproduction of material for classroom use (one copy per student) where the reproduction was unexpected and spontaneous-for example, where an article in the morning's paper is directly relevant to that day's class topic.
--- • Use in a parody of short portions of the work itself.
--- • A summary of an address or article, which may include quotations of short passages of the copyrighted work.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (g) What is considered public domain? Are items that are posted to free Internet sites considered public domain?
• The public domain comprises work that is either no longer protected by copyright or never was. The likelihood that materials of greatest interest are in the public domain is low.
• Generic information, such as facts, numbers and ideas fall into the public domain.
• A work is in public domain if (1) all authors are employed by United States government and prepared work as part of employment, or (2) work is published before 1978 without a copyright notice, or (3) copyright term of work has expired.
• Authors should assume that they need to obtain permission if material does not specifically carry a notice saying materials may be reused free of charge and/or no copyright permission is required.
• The legal concept of the public domain as it applies to copyright law should not be confused with the fact that a work may be publicly available, such as information found in books or periodicals, or on the Internet.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (h) Do I need permission if the material is featured free of charge on the internet?
• Online Doesn't Mean "Free" - Widespread use of the Internet has created misconceptions concerning the lawful use of copyrighted information in electronic form.
• Simply because content is placed online does not mean it is free from copyright protection. Unless fair use or another exception applies, make sure you have permission before using or posting content.
• To avoid a potential challenge from the copyright holder, we recommend following the policy, "When in doubt, obtain permission."
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (i) Do I need permission if the material I am using has been modified or adapted?
Permission is required if the usage you are seeking does not fall into the parameters defined under fair use [refer to FAQ on FAIR USE].
• If you need to modify the item for your research, do not represent it as the original item, scale or instrument. When an item is modified, the meaning and validity of the item may change. Be clear that the item is based on the original instrument but the results cannot represent results as if the original instrument were administered. In other words, never change items and/or scales and refer to it as the same item/scale.
• Minor adaptations to text/figures/tables are authorized on the condition that such adaptations are true to the meaning and purpose of the original text/figures/tables, and subject further to the applicable terms and conditions of the republication licensing agreement.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (j) Do I need permission if I am only using an excerpt or limited portion of the original article?
As a general rule, if you discuss, criticize or analyze the excerpt, a good rule of thumb is to obtain permission if the discussion is longer than 400 words per excerpt or 800 cumulative words per article.
Q: CONTENT REUSAGE (k) Why does the Academy charge a fee for re-use of the content?
• Fees of this nature are part of the operating costs associated with producing a journal or book and need to be taken into account by the publisher. Fees are standard practice for republishing the works of others and we feel that our fees are already reasonable and competitive with the fees charged by similar associations.
• The Academy is a non-profit organization that produces the journals at considerable cost to our members. Unlike other publishers, our members underwrite the cost of the journals with their dues and we must consider this when establishing our practices.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (l) If my dissertation has been published by a commercial or university publisher can I still submit it to the Academy of Management as a new, original work?
• In general, we recommend against this type of article submission.
• The AOM would not accept a paper that is an exact reproduction of a dissertation that has been published as an article or portion of a book. Typically articles published by the Academy of Management are written in a manner that differs substantially from most dissertations.
Q: INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICATION Outside the United States (b) How do I obtain permission to reprint Academy materials if I am not from the United States?
• The Copyright Clearance Center can clear rights from anywhere in the world for reuse of AOM content. Authors may send an email detailing their requests to
info@copyright.com.
• There are local organizations similar to CCC in many countries that clear local rights, however, we recommend contacting the
CCC first as they are the Academy's representative in these matters.
Q: INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICATION Outside the United States (a) What is the Academy's policy on translations and re-licensing content?
• The Academy of Management currently allows publishers of completely non-English language journals to reproduce Academy articles in their language on a one time basis. Permission must be obtained from the Copyright Clearance Center for this usage.
• The new translated work (journal or book) may not contain more than 50% of Academy material.
• Translated articles may not appear in the Licensee's journal or book prior to publication in AOM.
• Articles can be translated from all four Academy journals.
• Translation of more than more than three articles from a single issue of an AOM publication requires an explicit written permission contract signed by the designated Academy of Management publisher representative
Q: OTHER RESOURCES (a) Are there other resources I can use to learn more about the permissions process?
Q: OTHER RESOURCES (b) Glossary of common terms used in the permissions process
GLOSSARY: Definitions listed below are defined for the purposes of the Academy of Management Permissions FAQ and may vary from the definitions available from commercial dictionaries.
• Adaptation modifies the original content.
• Copyright. A copyright protects the form of expression rather than the subject matter of the writing. The 1976 Copyright Act generally gives the owner of the copyright the exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work, to prepare derivative works, to distribute copies of the copyrighted work, to perform the copyrighted work publicly, or to display the copyrighted work publicly.
• Derivative Work. Primarily a new work that is based upon previously published material.
• Discussion. A formal discourse on a topic; pertaining to the text referred to in your article or book chapter.
• Excerpt. A limited portion of text that is not changed and is exactly reproduced. For details refer to question(s) in the FAQ section of this document.
• Fair Use. Although there are no set page counts or percentages that define the boundaries of fair use, a general rule of thumb used by some publishers is that consecutive text of less than 400 words, or 800 words from a single article could be considered fair use, provided that the purpose of such use is for criticism or comment of the article in question, and provided that the new work (article or chapter) does not become a substitute for, or make the purchase unnecessary of, the original copyrighted work. For details refer to the Fair Use FAQ question in this document.
• Intellectual Property. The term intellectual property refers broadly to the creations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of creators by giving them property rights over their creations. Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
• International Copyright. There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that automatically protects a work throughout the world although more than 150 countries have ratified a treaty intended to accomplish as many of the benefits of "international copyright" as possible. Generally, if a work is protected in the U.S. it is protected in most countries because the U.S. adheres to the leading copyright convention, the Berne Convention, which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO).
• Intranet. A private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information. An intranet can be understood as a private version of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. An intranet site usually requires a log in name and password.
• Paraphrase. A restatement of a text or passage, using other words. A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased. For example, "The signal was red" might be paraphrased as "The train was not allowed to proceed." One feature of a paraphrase is that it preserves the essential meaning of the material being paraphrased. Permission is not needed from the Academy of Management to paraphrase text that is less than 400 words per paraphrase or 800 words or paraphrasing per article.
• Publication. According to the statute, "Publication is the distribution of copies of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication." Generally, publication occurs on the date on which copies of the work are first made available to the public.
• Republication. Refers to redistribution of the exact copy of the original content.
• Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation," that communicates the same message in another language.
Q: AOM AUTHORS (i) If I am the author, do I need to obtain permission to reuse or republish my individual materials that were published by the Academy of Management?
The following rights are retained by all AOM Author(s):
• The right to make and distribute copies, of all or part of the manuscript, for the Author(s), own use in teaching, research or for internal distribution within the institution/company that employs the Author(s), provided that such copies are not resold.
• The right to use, after publication in the journal, all or part of the material from the manuscript in a book or collection of works in which you are the Author(s) or Editor(s).
• The right, after publication of the journal, to post your manuscript to your individual website or personal university website.